Which Threat to Internal Validity Results from Changes Between Observations

question 47

Multiple Choice

Which threat to internal validity results from changes between observations in either the measuring instrument or the observer?

• A) History
• B) Maturation
• C) Testing
• D) Instrumentation
• E) Mortality

---

Definitions:

Primacy Effect

The tendency to remember information at the beginning of a list better than information in the middle or end.

Recency Effect

The tendency to better remember information that is encountered last in a series.

Salience Effect

Refers to the tendency of individuals to focus on items or information that stand out more noticeably or are more significant to them.

Depth of Processing

A theory suggesting the depth (shallow to deep) of mental processing affects memory recall; deeper processing leads to better recall.