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When we remove an unpleasant stimulus by making a response, we are experiencing
Sample Mean
The average of all observations or data points in a sample, used as an estimate of the population mean.
Population Mean
The average of all observations or values in a total population, representing the central value around which the figures in the population distribute.
Sample Statistic s
Calculated value (such as mean or standard deviation) from a sample of data, used to infer characteristics of the entire population.
Standard Error
A measure of the statistical accuracy of an estimate, calculated as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.
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