Based on Some Ideas Expressed in His Psychology Class, John $\text { Chi-square Contingency Table Test for Independence }$

question 44

Essay

Based on some ideas expressed in his psychology class, John decided to test a hypothesis about the possible relationship between parent dominance and political views. He used a survey of 189 statistics students to prepare the cross-tabulation and chi-square analysis shown below. Discuss John's results using concepts you learned in this chapter. Note any potential problems or concerns in the analysis, and suggest possible improvements.
                    $\text { Chi-square Contingency Table Test for Independence }$
                                    $\text { Dominant Parent }$

$\begin{array}{|lc|r|r|r|r|r|r|}&&\text { Mothar } & & \text { Neither } & & \text { Father } \\\text { Polcical Orientation }&&1&2 &3 & 4&5 & \text { Total } \\\hline \text { Liberal } & \text { Observed } & 7 & 5 & 19 & 9 & 4 & 44 \\& \text { Expected } & 3.96 & 4.89 & 19.56 & 10.48 & 5.12 & 44.00 \\\hline \text { Middle-of-Road } & \text { Observed } & 7 & 12 & 39 & 23 & 10 & 91 \\& \text { Expected } & 8.19 & 10.11 & 40.44 & 21.67 & 10.59 & 91.00 \\\hline \text { Conservative } & \text { Observed } & 3 & 4 & 26 & 13 & 8 & 54 \\& \text { Expected } & 4.86 & 6.00 & 24.00 & 12.86 & 6.29 & 54.00 \\\hline \text { Total } & \text { Observed } & 17 & 21 & 84 & 45 & 22 & 189 \\& \text { Expected } & 17.00 & 21.00 & 84.00 & 45.00 & 22.00 & 189.00 \\\hline\end{array}$

$5.51$ chi-square
8 df
$.7014 \mathrm{p}$ -value

---

Definitions:

Prime Costs

The direct costs of manufacturing a product, which include direct materials and direct labor.

Conversion Costs

The costs incurred when converting raw materials into finished products, typically including direct labor and manufacturing overhead.

Production Labor Wages

The total amount of compensation paid to employees directly involved in the production of goods or services.

Direct Cost

Costs that can be directly attributed to the production of a specific good or service, such as raw materials and labor directly involved in manufacturing.