Suppose the Government Imposes a Tax of $8 Per Unit

question 1

Essay

Suppose the government imposes a tax of $8 per unit of Good B.What is the incidence of this tax on consumers and producers?
In order to answer this question,we need to determine the changes in consumer and producer surplus that result from the imposition of the tax.Without the tax,the competitive equilibrium output can be found by equating demand and supply:
180 - 2Q = 40 + 2Q
Q = 140/4 = 35
Producers and consumers both pay the same price P = $110.The consumer surplus is equal to the area of a triangle with height 70 and width 35 which is $1,225.The producer surplus is equal to the area of a triangle with height 70 and width 35 which is equal to $1,225.With the tax,the consumer price will equal the producer price plus $8.We find the tax equilibrium output by setting P_C = P_P + 8:
180 - 2Q = 40 + 2Q + 8
Q = 132/4 = 33
Now consumers pay P_C = $114 and producers pay P_P = $106 (notice the difference between the two price levels is equal to the per unit tax).The consumer surplus is now equal to the area of a triangle with height 66 and width 33 which equals $1,089.Producer surplus is now equal to the area of a triangle with height 66 and width 33 which is $1,089.The tax affects consumers by increasing the price they pay from $110 to $114 resulting in a loss of consumer surplus of $136.The tax affects producers by decreasing the price they receive from $110 to $106 resulting in a loss of producer surplus of $136.

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Definitions:

High-Low Method

A technique used in cost accounting to estimate fixed and variable costs based on the highest and lowest levels of activity.

Mixed Cost

Mixed cost refers to a cost that contains both variable and fixed cost elements, meaning it changes with the level of activity but not directly proportionate.

Activity Level

The volume of work or output produced, often used in costing and budgeting processes to measure levels of operations.

Total Cost

The complete cost of production, combining all costs of inputs and expenditures related to producing something, including direct, indirect, fixed, and variable costs.