Cognitive Biases Can Often Amplify the Experience of Pain

question 1

Multiple Choice

Cognitive biases can often amplify the experience of pain.Each of the following cognitive processes are related to more pain EXCEPT:

• A)catastrophizing
• B)learned helplessness
• C)stable attributions
• D)distraction

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Definitions:

Population Distributions

Represents the spread of values, or observations, of a particular variable across an entire population.

Nonparametric Tests

Statistical tests that do not assume a specific distribution for the data, used for analyzing ordinal or nominal data with unknown parameters.

Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

A nonparametric test used to determine whether there is a significant difference between two independent samples by comparing their rank sums.

Significance Level

The threshold below which a statistical result is considered significant, typically reflecting the probability of wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis.