If a Researcher Asks,"Can We Be Sure That the Observed

question 1

Multiple Choice

If a researcher asks,"Can we be sure that the observed relationship between the independent and dependent variables represents a true cause-effect relationship?" then the researcher is concerned about ____ validity

• A) internal
• B) construct
• C) external
• D) statistical

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Definitions:

Empirical Studies

Research or studies based on actual and observable evidence, typically involving systematic observation or experimentation.

Unionized Firms

Companies or organizations where the workforce is represented by a union, which negotiates wages, working conditions, and other employment terms.

Productivity

A measure of the efficiency of production often quantified as the ratio of outputs produced to inputs used over a specified period.

Firm Profits

The net income a company retains after deducting all costs, taxes, and expenses from its total revenue.