Suppose You Are Interested in Testing the Claim That Students

question 2

Essay

Suppose you are interested in testing the claim that students who participate in band perform better on standardized tests but you are worried that the results might be biased because individuals are likely to self-select into joining the band.You only have test scores for those students that participate in band.Suppose that for a sample of 14,111 6^th-grade students you estimate the Heckman selection model (marginal effects listed,standard errors in parentheses) Second-Stage:
$$\begin{aligned}Tes\widehat {t S}core _ { i } = & 58.932 +& 1.374 \lambda _ { i } +& 0.583 \text { Income } _ { i } + &2.156 \text { Male } _ { i } \\& ( 7.961 ) &( 0.358 )& ( 0.136 )&(1.679)\end{aligned}$$
First-Stage:
$$\begin{array} { l } {\widehat{\text { Band }_{i}}}=&0.261+&0.045 \text { Siblings in Band }_{i}+&0.048 \text { Income }_{i}+&0.125 \text { Male }_{i}\\&( 0.043 ) &( 0.022 ) &( 0.012 )&(0.103) \\\end{array}$$
a)Explain why OLS is inappropriate in this circumstance and how this model improves on OLS.
b)Which variable are you using to identify the model? Does this choice seem correct? Explain.
c)Discuss the results above.

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Definitions:

Spotlight Effect

The psychological phenomenon in which people tend to believe they are being noticed more than they really are.

Self-efficacy

The belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, which can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges.

Self-esteem

An individual's subjective evaluation of their own worth or abilities.

Personal Space

The physical area surrounding someone over which they prefer control, influencing how closely they allow others to approach.