In Some Drug Abusers, Drug Tolerance Develops Through Classical Conditioning

question 33

Multiple Choice

In some drug abusers, drug tolerance develops through classical conditioning. The conditioned stimulus in these cases is

• A) the drug administration ritual.
• B) the positive feelings produced by the drug.
• C) the body's countermeasures against the effects of the drug.
• D) the drug's entry into the brain.

Explain the concept of shaping and its application in learning behaviors.

Understand the psychological concept of learned helplessness and its impact on behavior.

Recognize the role of discriminative stimuli in signaling the availability of reinforcement.

Describe various reinforcement schedules and their effects on behavior.

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Definitions:

Hydrogen Ions

Positively charged ions (H+) that are a measure of acidity in a solution, with greater concentrations indicating lower pH.

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy and pyruvate under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like material within the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus, containing organelles, and involved in multiple cell processes.

Mitochondrion

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.