A Causal Effect for a Single Individual

question 33

Multiple Choice

A causal effect for a single individual

• A)can be deduced from the average treatment effect.
• B)cannot be measured.
• C)depends on observable variables only.
• D)is observable since it is used as part of calculating the mean of individual causal effects.

---

Definitions:

Renal Artery

A blood vessel that supplies the kidneys with oxygen-rich blood.

Renal Vein

A blood vessel that transports blood that has been filtered from the kidney to the inferior vena cava.

Ureter

A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Bowman's Capsule

At the onset of a nephron's tube-like segment in the kidney, there exists a cup-shaped pouch that initiates the blood filtration process leading to urine formation.