=NFE ^{$\circ$ '}; F
-An Important Reaction in the Production of Energy

question 7

Multiple Choice

=nFE ^{$\circ$ '}; F
-An important reaction in the production of energy from sugars (glycolysis) is the reduction of pyruvate to lactate by NADH.

pyruvate + NADH + H⁺(aq) $\to$ lactate + NAD⁺ $\Delta$ _rG ^{$\circ$ '}=?

Given the following reduction potentials,
NAD⁺ + H⁺ + 2e^- $\to$ NADH $~~~~~~~~$ E ^{$\circ$ '} = -0.320 V
Pyruvate + 2H⁺ + 2e^- $\to$ lactate $~~~~~~~~$ E ^{$\circ$ '} = -0.190 V

Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy (at pH 7) for the reduction of pyruvate to lactate by NADH.( $\Delta$ _rG ^{$\circ$ '}=nFE ^{$\circ$ '}; F = 96485 C/mol electrons)

• A) 98.4 kJ/mol-rxn
• B) -98.4 kJ/mol-rxn
• C) -12.6 kJ/mol-rxn
• D) 25.1 kJ/mol-rxn
• E) -25.1 kJ/mol-rxn

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Definitions:

Collude

To engage in secret or illegal cooperation or conspiracy, especially in order to cheat or deceive others.

Stackelberg Duopoly

A model of imperfect competition in which one firm sets its output first, influencing the market response of the other firm.

MR

Marginal Revenue, which is the increase in revenue that results from the sale of one additional unit of a product or service.

Marginal Cost

The cost added by producing one additional unit of a product or service, which is crucial for decision-making on production levels.