Lucy Examined Relationships Between Middle-School Students' Self-Esteem and Their Performance

question 19

Multiple Choice

Lucy examined relationships between middle-school students' self-esteem and their performance in Mathematics.Her data analysis indicated that students with higher self-esteem perform better than those with lower self-esteem.Her investigation further revealed that students with higher self-esteem are more willing to invest effort in solving Math problems.In this case,the amount of effort is:

• A)an independent variable.
• B)a dependent variable.
• C)a mediating variable.
• D)a moderating variable.

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Definitions:

Short-sightedness Effect

The tendency of decision makers to prioritize immediate benefits at the expense of long-term gains.

Externalities

Costs or benefits that affect a party who did not choose to incur those costs or benefits, often leading to market failure if unaddressed by policy.

Rent-seeking Activities

Efforts to increase one’s share of existing wealth without creating new wealth, often through manipulation of the economic environment.

Economic Efficiency

Economic Efficiency occurs when a system allocates resources in a way that maximizes the production of goods and services at the lowest cost.