What Characteristics of Pre-Experimental Designs Make It Difficult to Establish

question 5

Short Answer

What characteristics of pre-experimental designs make it difficult to establish cause-and-effect relationships?

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Definitions:

Decentralization

The distribution of decision-making powers from a central authority to lower levels in an organization or across various geographic locations.

Quality Managers

Professionals responsible for monitoring and maintaining the quality of products and services in a company to meet specified standards.

Responsibility Accounting

A system of accounting in which different sections of an organization are evaluated on the basis of their financial performance and managers are held accountable for operational results.

Lower-Level Managers

Managers who are at the first or second layer of the management hierarchy, typically responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations and reporting to higher-level managers.