Does taking large amounts of vitamins protect against cancer? To study this question, researchers enrolled 29,000 Finnish men, all smokers over the age of 50. Half of the men, selected at random, took vitamin supplements, and others took a dummy pill that has no active ingredient. The researchers followed all the men for eight years. At the end of the study, men in the vitamin group were no less likely to have cancer than men in the other group. This study cast doubt on the popular idea that taking lots of vitamins can reduce the risk of cancer.
The study design looked like this: 
Treatment 2 was a dummy pill. Such a dummy treatment is called a
Definitions:
Conscientiousness
A personality trait characterized by thoroughness, caution, and the tendency to strive for achievement, self-discipline, and dutifulness.
Motivational Trait
Personal characteristics that influence an individual’s tendency to pursue goals with energy and persistence.
Emotional Stability
A personality trait characterized by the consistency of one's emotional state and the ability to remain calm and composed under stress.
Core Self-evaluations
A broad personality concept that consists of more specific traits like self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability.
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