Which of the Following Phenomena Is Most Indicative of Physical

question 47

Multiple Choice

Which of the following phenomena is most indicative of physical dependence on nicotine?

• A)within hours after smoking cessation there is a decreased heart rate, EEG slowing, and headache
• B)nonhumans will self-administer nicotine
• C)heavy smokers may not desire to smoke immediately upon wakening in the morning
• D)heavy smokers still may enjoy a cigarette after they have just smoked several cigarettes

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Definitions:

Precapillary Sphincter

A band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries mainly by contracting and relaxing, thereby regulating the passage of blood into tissues.

Lactate Production

Lactate production occurs during anaerobic respiration in muscles, where glucose is converted to lactate in the absence of sufficient oxygen, leading to muscle fatigue.

Venous Tone

The degree of constriction experienced by the veins, influencing the volume of blood held within venous reservoirs and blood pressure.

Medulla Oblongata

The lower portion of the brainstem that regulates vital functions, such as heart rate and breathing.