A Study Finds a Strong Positive Association Between Size of Children's

question 9

Multiple Choice

A study finds a strong positive association between size of children's feet and results in spelling tests.Describe three different possible cause-and-effect relationships that might be present.

• A)There are only two cause-and-effect relationships: older children cause better spelling tests,spelling tests cause older children.
• B)There is only one cause-and-effect relationship: foot size causes better spelling tests,because children with larger feet do better on spelling tests than children with smaller feet,on average.
• C)Perhaps foot size causes better performance on spelling tests,spelling tests causes children to become older,or both could be caused by a lurking variable such as the school.
• D)Perhaps foot size causes better performance on spelling tests,good performance on spelling tests causes bigger foot sizes,or both could be caused by a lurking variable such as the age.
• E)There are no possible cause-and-effect relationships.

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Definitions:

Assembly Line

A manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product efficiently.

Pooled Interdependence

a form of interdependence where different departments or groups within an organization contribute individually to a common outcome without direct reliance on each other.

Faultlines

Hypothetical dividing lines that separate individuals within a group based on demographic or personal differences, potentially leading to conflict.

Dysfunctional Conflict

Conflict that hinders organizational performance, inhibits cooperation, and fosters hostility among members.