Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 12

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Lazarus and Folkman (1984) proposed a three-step model of coping.People first make primary appraisals to determine if stimuli are stressful or not.If a stimulus is determined to be a stressor,people make secondary appraisals to determine if they can be successfully handled.The cognitive-behavioral strategies used to actually deal with stressors are termed coping styles.While coping styles can be classified in different ways,they usually involve either approaching (rational coping) or avoiding or repressing (repressive coping) the stressful stimulus.Rational coping has both problem-focused and emotional components and typically involves an acceptance of,exposure to,and understanding of the stressor.In addition to repressive and rational coping,a coping style based on reframing involves changing the way one thinks about a stressor to reduce its threat.
-(Scenario II) In a classic study in cognitive psychology,participants told not to think of white bears actually reported more thoughts about white bears than did controls exposed to pictures of white bears but not given the instruction.These results,when extrapolated to coping style,suggest that:

• A)people may find it difficult to successfully cope using repressive strategies.
• B)exposure-based coping is more effective than is reframing.
• C)secondary appraisal modulates the effectiveness of exposure-based coping.
• D)people are more likely to utilize repressive coping than they are rational coping.

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Definitions:

Working Memory

The component of the information processing system that holds and processes information that is being manipulated, encoded, or retrieved and is responsible for maintaining and processing information used in cognitive tasks.

Macular Degeneration

A medical condition affecting the retina, leading to vision loss, primarily in older adults, characterized by the deterioration of the central portion of the retina known as the macula.

Visual Atrophy

The deterioration or weakening of vision or visual capacity, often due to the degeneration of optic structures.

Cataracts

A condition characterized by the clouding of the eye's lens, leading to diminished vision, and often associated with aging.