Which of the Following Is a Non-Directional Hypothesis

question 3

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a non-directional hypothesis?

• A) There are no differences in motivation between students who are given a free breakfast at school and those students who are not given breakfast at school.
• B) There are differences in motivation between students who are given a free breakfast at school and those students who are not given breakfast at school.
• C) Children given breakfast at school are more motivated than children who are not given breakfast at school.
• D) Children given breakfast at school are less motivated than children who are not given breakfast at school.

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Definitions:

Estimated Income

An estimate of the revenue anticipated to be generated during a certain timeframe.

Yearly Income

The total pre-tax earnings received by an individual or household over the course of one year from all sources combined.

SST

Total Sum of Squares, a measure used in statistics to quantify the variance in a dataset.

SSE

Sum of Squares due to Error, a measure of the discrepancy between the data and an estimation model, reflecting the unexplained variance within the model.