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The energy of a cosmic ray is given by ,where m is the mass of the particle,c is the speed of light,and is the Lorentz factor and
.If a cosmic ray proton is traveling at a speed of
,what is its energy? How does that compare to the kinetic energy of a grape thrown up in the air and caught in your mouth? Assume the grape has a mass of about 5 grams and a speed of 0.5 m/s when you catch it.The mass of a proton is
.
Propagation of Genes
The process by which genes are transferred from one generation to the next, ensuring the survival and variation of traits within a population.
Close Relatives
Family members who are closely related by blood, such as parents, siblings, and children.
Genetic Variations
Differences in DNA sequences among individuals, which contribute to the biological diversity and heritable traits within a population.
Spontaneously Mutate
Refers to the process by which an organism's DNA changes without external influence, leading to genetic variation.
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