Irving Janis Was Fascinated by How a Group of Intelligent

question 15

Multiple Choice

Irving Janis was fascinated by how a group of intelligent men such as President John F. Kennedy and his advisors could make such a disastrous decision when they authorized the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion. To find out, Janis began his study of decision-making in groups that eventually led to the phenomenon of "groupthink." Janis's hypothesis-generating heuristic could best be described as

• A) an attempt to resolve conflicting results.
• B) an effort to understand a paradoxical incident.
• C) an effort to improve on older ideas.
• D) the use of metaphors.

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Definitions:

Nominal Variable

A type of variable that represents categories with no inherent numeric value or order.

Indicator Variables

Indicator variables, also known as dummy variables, are used in statistical models to encode categorical data into binary form for analysis.

Indicator Variables

These are binary variables in a statistical model that take on values of 0 or 1 to indicate the absence or presence of a specific characteristic or attribute.

Omitted Category

In statistical modeling, it refers to a category or group within a variable that is excluded from analysis, often serving as a baseline against which other categories are compared.