[Solved] Factor using the Binomial Theorem. \(a ^ { 3 } - 6 a ^ { 2 } b + 12 a b ^ { 2 } - 8 b ^ { 3 }\) Stockholders: Individuals or institutions that own shares of stock in a corporation, giving them ownership interests and rights to dividends. Productivity Efficiency: measures how effectively economic inputs are converted into outputs, often assessed to improve organizational workflows, resource usage, and overall performance. Top Managers: Senior executives responsible for the overall direction and management of an organization, making strategic decisions and setting policies. First-line Managers: Managers at the lowest level of an organization's hierarchy, directly supervising staff and overseeing day-to-day operations.