Yersinia Pestis, the Causative Agent of the Bubonic Plague, Has $\alpha$

question 25

Multiple Choice

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of the bubonic plague, has multiple mechanisms of immune evasion. This Gram-negative bacterium is transmitted from fleas (body temperature, 26°C) to humans (body temperature, 37°C) by flea bites. Studies have shown that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by Y. pestis grown at 37°C is about 10-fold less potent at stimulating TLR4 signaling than is the Y. pestis LPS from bacteria grown at 26°C. When these two forms of Y. pestis LPS are compared for their abilities to induce responses from human macrophages, one would expect that the 26°C Y. pestis LPS would result in:

• A) Increased production of antimicrobial peptides
• B) Reduced production of IL-10
• C) Increased production of TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6
• D) Reduced production of Type I interferons
• E) Increased activation of the inflammasome

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Definitions:

Depth Perception

Refers to the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and to understand the distance of objects from oneself and each other.

Shape Continuity

A principle of perceptual organization that explains how humans tend to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity, forming a continuous shape.

Binocular Disparity

The difference in the images received by the two eyes due to their different positions, which contributes to depth perception.

Binocular Disparity

The difference in the visual images that each eye perceives because of the eyes’ horizontal separation; the basis of stereoscopic vision.