IL-23 Is a Cytokine Made by Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

question 12

Multiple Choice

IL-23 is a cytokine made by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to extracellular bacterial and fungal infections. Mice with a genetic defect in the production of IL-23 are highly susceptible to the gastrointestinal bacterial pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. Thus, unlike wild-type mice which clear the infection, mice that fail to produce IL-23 succumb to the bacteria and die 1-2 weeks post-infection. Yet, this cytokine does not directly act on the bacteria nor does it function to recruit the granulocytes that are needed to eliminate the pathogen. Instead, IL-23:

• A) Functions as a chemoattractant for eosinophils and basophils
• B) Stimulates IL-17 and IL-22 production by ILC3 cells
• C) Activates tissue-resident ILC2 cells to produce IL-5 and IL-13
• D) Induces the differentiation of naive CD8 T cells into cytotoxic T cells
• E) Stimulates gastrointestinal epithelial cells to produce antimicrobial peptides

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Definitions:

Laissez-faire

An economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention.

Democratic

Pertaining to a form of government in which power is vested in the hands of the people, directly or through elected representatives.

Class Inequality

Disparities in access to resources, opportunities, and privileges among different social classes within a society, often stemming from economic disparities.

Horticultural Societies

Those in which people domesticate plants and use simple hand tools to garden. Such societies first emerged about 10,000 years ago. Horticulture increases the food supply and makes it more dependable. This increases average settlement size and permanence, the division of labor, productivity, and inequality above the levels typical of foraging societies.