Infections of Intracellular Pathogens (E

question 2

Multiple Choice

Infections of intracellular pathogens (e.g., mycobacteria, listeria, toxoplasma, viruses, etc.) cause a rise in the numbers of monocytes in the blood, a symptom known as monocytosis. In the cases of these infections, monocytosis is likely caused by:

• A) Increased production of monocytes in the bone marrow induced by T_H1 cytokines
• B) Loss of monocytes into tissues due to inflammation, leading to increased production in the bone marrow
• C) Differentiation of blood monocytes into macrophages, inducing bone marrow production of new monocytes
• D) Sticking of blood monocytes to vessel walls due to integrin binding, reducing the numbers of monocytes in the circulation
• E) Apoptosis of monocytes caused by the toxic effects of the infecting pathogen

---

Definitions:

Genome

All the genes or genetic content located in an organism or one of its cells.

Chromosomes

Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain DNA and protein, organizing genetic information for cell division and function.

Genetic Materials

Molecules responsible for heredity and variation of organisms, including DNA and RNA.

Epigenetic Marks

Chemical modifications to DNA and histone proteins that affect gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These can be influenced by environmental factors and may be reversible.