Salmonella Typhimurium Is a Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogen That Infects Its $\gamma$

question 26

Multiple Choice

Salmonella typhimurium is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that infects its host via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Early in infection, the bacteria enter and replicate in gut epithelial cells, where the infection provokes a type 3 response, including the development of T_H17 cells, in the GI tract. However, this type 3 response in the GI tract does not eradicate the pathogen, as S. typhimurium has evolved strategies to evade the T_H17 response and to spread systemically by infecting and replicating in macrophages. Therefore, a second phase of the immune response is required to completely eliminate the pathogen from the body, as has been demonstrated in mouse models of S. typhimurium infection. These experiments in mouse models likely showed that:

• A) IFN-\(\gamma\) is required to clear S. typhimurium from the body.
• B) IL-17 is required to clear S. typhimurium from the body.
• C) IL-22 is required to clear S. typhimurium from the body.
• D) IL-13 is required to clear S. typhimurium from the body.
• E) IL-4 is required to clear S. typhimurium from the body.

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Definitions:

Annual Cash Flows

The total amount of money being transferred into and out of a business, especially affecting liquidity, within a year.

Opportunity Cost

The cost of opting for one choice over another, essentially the benefits you could have received by taking an alternative action.

Internal Rate Of Return

The internal rate of return is a financial metric used to evaluate the profitability of investments, calculating the discount rate that makes the net present value of cash flows from an investment equal to zero.

Hurdle Rate

The minimum rate of return on a project or investment required by a manager or investor, often used in capital budgeting to measure investment risk.