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Synthesis Question: to Investigate How T-Cell Receptor Signaling Regulates T $\alpha$

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Synthesis question: To investigate how T-cell receptor signaling regulates T cell development in the thymus, a mutant mouse is generated with a deficiency in the T cell tyrosine kinase, LCK (Lck^-/- mice). Analysis of thymocytes from these mice, stained with antibodies to CD4 and CD8, is shown in Figure.
$Synthesis question: To investigate how T-cell receptor signaling regulates T cell development in the thymus, a mutant mouse is generated with a deficiency in the T cell tyrosine kinase, LCK (Lck-/- mice). Analysis of thymocytes from these mice, stained with antibodies to CD4 and CD8, is shown in Figure. a) What is the explanation for the altered number and subsets of thymocytes in Lck-/- mice? Due to the defect observed in the germline Lck-deficient mice, it is not possible to use these mice to examine any potential role for this T-cell receptor signaling protein at later stages of thymocyte development. To circumvent this problem, conditional Lck-deficient mice are generated by crossing mice with a homozygous 'floxed' allele of Lck (Lckfl/fl) to mice that express the cre recombinase in CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes (i.e., CD4-cre). When cre is expressed at the double-positive stage, the Lck gene is deleted, and thymocytes become Lck-deficient at that time. The thymocyte profile of these Lckfl/fl x CD4-cre mice is shown in Figure. b) What is the explanation for the altered thymocyte profile seen in Lckfl/fl x CD4-cre mice? To further assess the impact of altered T-cell receptor signaling on thymocyte development, another line of mice is generated that express a super-active version of the Lck kinase (called 'Lck-super') under control of the CD4 promoter. This super-active Lck is expressed starting at the double-positive stage in the thymus. Lck-super is activated by T-cell receptor signaling, just like wild-type Lck, but when activated has an approximately tenfold increased kinase activity. Surprisingly, mice expressing Lck-super do not develop increased numbers of mature T cells, but instead, show the following. c) What is the most likely explanation for the altered profile of thymocytes seen in the Lck-super mice? Struck by the findings in the Lck-super mice, an investigator performs one further experiment. This researcher clones the rearranged T-cell receptor \alpha and \beta chain genes from two CD4 single-positive thymocytes: one that is isolated from a WT thymus, and the second, isolated from an Lck-super thymus. Each T-cell receptor \alpha : \beta pair is used to generate a T-cell receptor transgenic line, so that nearly 100% of all double-positive thymocytes in each transgenic line express only the transgenic T-cell receptor. The two T cell receptor transgenics are named based on which mouse line the receptor chains were originally isolated from. The one from the wild-type line is known as TCR-tgwt, and the one originally isolated from the Lck-super line is known as TCR-tgsuper. In each case, thymocytes from the T-cell receptor transgenic lines are analyzed on a wild-type background, or after crossing to the Lck-super line. The results are shown in Figure. d) Explain the results observed in this experiment.$
a) What is the explanation for the altered number and subsets of thymocytes in Lck-/- mice?
Due to the defect observed in the germline Lck-deficient mice, it is not possible to use these mice to examine any potential role for this T-cell receptor signaling protein at later stages of thymocyte development. To circumvent this problem, conditional Lck-deficient mice are generated by crossing mice with a homozygous 'floxed' allele of Lck (Lck^fl/fl) to mice that express the cre recombinase in CD4⁺CD8⁺ double-positive thymocytes (i.e., CD4-cre). When cre is expressed at the double-positive stage, the Lck gene is deleted, and thymocytes become Lck-deficient at that time. The thymocyte profile of these Lck^fl/fl x CD4-cre mice is shown in Figure.
$Synthesis question: To investigate how T-cell receptor signaling regulates T cell development in the thymus, a mutant mouse is generated with a deficiency in the T cell tyrosine kinase, LCK (Lck-/- mice). Analysis of thymocytes from these mice, stained with antibodies to CD4 and CD8, is shown in Figure. a) What is the explanation for the altered number and subsets of thymocytes in Lck-/- mice? Due to the defect observed in the germline Lck-deficient mice, it is not possible to use these mice to examine any potential role for this T-cell receptor signaling protein at later stages of thymocyte development. To circumvent this problem, conditional Lck-deficient mice are generated by crossing mice with a homozygous 'floxed' allele of Lck (Lckfl/fl) to mice that express the cre recombinase in CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes (i.e., CD4-cre). When cre is expressed at the double-positive stage, the Lck gene is deleted, and thymocytes become Lck-deficient at that time. The thymocyte profile of these Lckfl/fl x CD4-cre mice is shown in Figure. b) What is the explanation for the altered thymocyte profile seen in Lckfl/fl x CD4-cre mice? To further assess the impact of altered T-cell receptor signaling on thymocyte development, another line of mice is generated that express a super-active version of the Lck kinase (called 'Lck-super') under control of the CD4 promoter. This super-active Lck is expressed starting at the double-positive stage in the thymus. Lck-super is activated by T-cell receptor signaling, just like wild-type Lck, but when activated has an approximately tenfold increased kinase activity. Surprisingly, mice expressing Lck-super do not develop increased numbers of mature T cells, but instead, show the following. c) What is the most likely explanation for the altered profile of thymocytes seen in the Lck-super mice? Struck by the findings in the Lck-super mice, an investigator performs one further experiment. This researcher clones the rearranged T-cell receptor \alpha and \beta chain genes from two CD4 single-positive thymocytes: one that is isolated from a WT thymus, and the second, isolated from an Lck-super thymus. Each T-cell receptor \alpha : \beta pair is used to generate a T-cell receptor transgenic line, so that nearly 100% of all double-positive thymocytes in each transgenic line express only the transgenic T-cell receptor. The two T cell receptor transgenics are named based on which mouse line the receptor chains were originally isolated from. The one from the wild-type line is known as TCR-tgwt, and the one originally isolated from the Lck-super line is known as TCR-tgsuper. In each case, thymocytes from the T-cell receptor transgenic lines are analyzed on a wild-type background, or after crossing to the Lck-super line. The results are shown in Figure. d) Explain the results observed in this experiment.$

b) What is the explanation for the altered thymocyte profile seen in Lck^fl/fl x CD4-cre mice?
To further assess the impact of altered T-cell receptor signaling on thymocyte development, another line of mice is generated that express a super-active version of the Lck kinase (called 'Lck-super') under control of the CD4 promoter. This super-active Lck is expressed starting at the double-positive stage in the thymus. Lck-super is activated by T-cell receptor signaling, just like wild-type Lck, but when activated has an approximately tenfold increased kinase activity. Surprisingly, mice expressing Lck-super do not develop increased numbers of mature T cells, but instead, show the following.
$Synthesis question: To investigate how T-cell receptor signaling regulates T cell development in the thymus, a mutant mouse is generated with a deficiency in the T cell tyrosine kinase, LCK (Lck-/- mice). Analysis of thymocytes from these mice, stained with antibodies to CD4 and CD8, is shown in Figure. a) What is the explanation for the altered number and subsets of thymocytes in Lck-/- mice? Due to the defect observed in the germline Lck-deficient mice, it is not possible to use these mice to examine any potential role for this T-cell receptor signaling protein at later stages of thymocyte development. To circumvent this problem, conditional Lck-deficient mice are generated by crossing mice with a homozygous 'floxed' allele of Lck (Lckfl/fl) to mice that express the cre recombinase in CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes (i.e., CD4-cre). When cre is expressed at the double-positive stage, the Lck gene is deleted, and thymocytes become Lck-deficient at that time. The thymocyte profile of these Lckfl/fl x CD4-cre mice is shown in Figure. b) What is the explanation for the altered thymocyte profile seen in Lckfl/fl x CD4-cre mice? To further assess the impact of altered T-cell receptor signaling on thymocyte development, another line of mice is generated that express a super-active version of the Lck kinase (called 'Lck-super') under control of the CD4 promoter. This super-active Lck is expressed starting at the double-positive stage in the thymus. Lck-super is activated by T-cell receptor signaling, just like wild-type Lck, but when activated has an approximately tenfold increased kinase activity. Surprisingly, mice expressing Lck-super do not develop increased numbers of mature T cells, but instead, show the following. c) What is the most likely explanation for the altered profile of thymocytes seen in the Lck-super mice? Struck by the findings in the Lck-super mice, an investigator performs one further experiment. This researcher clones the rearranged T-cell receptor \alpha and \beta chain genes from two CD4 single-positive thymocytes: one that is isolated from a WT thymus, and the second, isolated from an Lck-super thymus. Each T-cell receptor \alpha : \beta pair is used to generate a T-cell receptor transgenic line, so that nearly 100% of all double-positive thymocytes in each transgenic line express only the transgenic T-cell receptor. The two T cell receptor transgenics are named based on which mouse line the receptor chains were originally isolated from. The one from the wild-type line is known as TCR-tgwt, and the one originally isolated from the Lck-super line is known as TCR-tgsuper. In each case, thymocytes from the T-cell receptor transgenic lines are analyzed on a wild-type background, or after crossing to the Lck-super line. The results are shown in Figure. d) Explain the results observed in this experiment.$

c) What is the most likely explanation for the altered profile of thymocytes seen in the Lck-super mice?
Struck by the findings in the Lck-super mice, an investigator performs one further experiment. This researcher clones the rearranged T-cell receptor $\alpha$ and $\beta$ chain genes from two CD4 single-positive thymocytes: one that is isolated from a WT thymus, and the second, isolated from an Lck-super thymus. Each T-cell receptor $\alpha$ : $\beta$ pair is used to generate a T-cell receptor transgenic line, so that nearly 100% of all double-positive thymocytes in each transgenic line express only the transgenic T-cell receptor. The two T cell receptor transgenics are named based on which mouse line the receptor chains were originally isolated from. The one from the wild-type line is known as TCR-tg^wt, and the one originally isolated from the Lck-super line is known as TCR-tg^super. In each case, thymocytes from the T-cell receptor transgenic lines are analyzed on a wild-type background, or after crossing to the Lck-super line. The results are shown in Figure.
$Synthesis question: To investigate how T-cell receptor signaling regulates T cell development in the thymus, a mutant mouse is generated with a deficiency in the T cell tyrosine kinase, LCK (Lck-/- mice). Analysis of thymocytes from these mice, stained with antibodies to CD4 and CD8, is shown in Figure. a) What is the explanation for the altered number and subsets of thymocytes in Lck-/- mice? Due to the defect observed in the germline Lck-deficient mice, it is not possible to use these mice to examine any potential role for this T-cell receptor signaling protein at later stages of thymocyte development. To circumvent this problem, conditional Lck-deficient mice are generated by crossing mice with a homozygous 'floxed' allele of Lck (Lckfl/fl) to mice that express the cre recombinase in CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes (i.e., CD4-cre). When cre is expressed at the double-positive stage, the Lck gene is deleted, and thymocytes become Lck-deficient at that time. The thymocyte profile of these Lckfl/fl x CD4-cre mice is shown in Figure. b) What is the explanation for the altered thymocyte profile seen in Lckfl/fl x CD4-cre mice? To further assess the impact of altered T-cell receptor signaling on thymocyte development, another line of mice is generated that express a super-active version of the Lck kinase (called 'Lck-super') under control of the CD4 promoter. This super-active Lck is expressed starting at the double-positive stage in the thymus. Lck-super is activated by T-cell receptor signaling, just like wild-type Lck, but when activated has an approximately tenfold increased kinase activity. Surprisingly, mice expressing Lck-super do not develop increased numbers of mature T cells, but instead, show the following. c) What is the most likely explanation for the altered profile of thymocytes seen in the Lck-super mice? Struck by the findings in the Lck-super mice, an investigator performs one further experiment. This researcher clones the rearranged T-cell receptor \alpha and \beta chain genes from two CD4 single-positive thymocytes: one that is isolated from a WT thymus, and the second, isolated from an Lck-super thymus. Each T-cell receptor \alpha : \beta pair is used to generate a T-cell receptor transgenic line, so that nearly 100% of all double-positive thymocytes in each transgenic line express only the transgenic T-cell receptor. The two T cell receptor transgenics are named based on which mouse line the receptor chains were originally isolated from. The one from the wild-type line is known as TCR-tgwt, and the one originally isolated from the Lck-super line is known as TCR-tgsuper. In each case, thymocytes from the T-cell receptor transgenic lines are analyzed on a wild-type background, or after crossing to the Lck-super line. The results are shown in Figure. d) Explain the results observed in this experiment.$
d) Explain the results observed in this experiment.

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Substances or drugs that hinder the release, synthesis, or function of neurotransmitters, affecting communication between nerve cells.

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Synthesis Question: to Investigate How T-Cell Receptor Signaling Regulates T α\alphaα

Definitions:

Synthesis Question: to Investigate How T-Cell Receptor Signaling Regulates T $\alpha$