Several Types of Pathogens Encode Proteins That Function as Superantigens

question 22

Multiple Choice

Several types of pathogens encode proteins that function as superantigens, which activate massive numbers of T cells in an individual. One example is the staphylococcal enterotoxins that cause food poisoning. These superantigens are the exception to the general rule that T cells only recognize specific peptide:MHC complexes, because they:

• A) Induce activation of any T cell whose T-cell receptor uses a particular Vβ region bound by that superantigen
• B) Simultaneously stimulate all of the T-cell receptors on a given T cell
• C) Cover up the peptide-binding site, preventing MHC molecules from binding peptides
• D) Activate a large number of T cells that are specifically recognizing peptides derived from the superantigen protein
• E) Induce anti-microbial cytokine production that aids the immune system in clearing the pathogen

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Definitions:

High Intelligence

The possession of elevated cognitive abilities or an above-average score on various standardized tests designed to measure intelligence.

Cognitive Model

A framework in psychology that explains mental processes, behaviors, and disorders through the examination of mental functions and thought processes.

Unconditioned Stimulus

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

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The ability to distinguish between different stimuli, even if they are similar, often used in the context of learning and behavior modification techniques.