Some CD1 Molecules Bind to Glycosphingolipids, and Are Recognized by a Subset

question 13

Multiple Choice

Some CD1 molecules bind to glycosphingolipids, and are recognized by a subset of T cells known as invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. The ability of these T cells to recognize different glycolipid constituents from microorganisms when they are bound to CD1d places these cells in the 'innate immune' category. While iNKT cells do express a fully rearranged $\alpha$ : $\beta$ T-cell receptor, one key feature of the T-cell receptors expressed on iNKT cells also places them in the 'innate immune' category. This feature is:

• A) iNKT cells have a highly restricted T-cell receptor repertoire, with the majority of cells utilizing the same V\(\alpha\) and J\(\alpha\) rearrangement.
• B) iNKT cells express receptors that are also expressed on NK cells.
• C) iNKT cells express T-cell receptors that induce inhibitory, rather than activating signals.
• D) iNKT cells do not generally express CD4 or CD8.
• E) The T-cell receptors expressed on iNKT cells recognize both MHC class I and MHC class II molecules.

Critically evaluate theories and criticisms related to dreams (e.g., Freud's theory).

Understand the role and impact of sleep deprivation on physical and mental health.

Discuss the effects of hypnosis and the scientific evaluation of its effectiveness.

Distinguish between perfectly inelastic and perfectly elastic demand.

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Definitions:

Asymmetric Carbons

Carbon atoms bonded to four different groups, leading to chiral molecules that can have non-superimposable mirror images.

D-Arabinose

A monosaccharide sugar, which is an aldopentose because it contains five carbon atoms and includes an aldehyde group.

Configurations

The particular arrangement or geometric orientation of atoms or groups within a molecule, which cannot be changed without breaking covalent bonds.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates, examples include glucose and fructose.