Synthesis Question: Several Vaccines Against Viral Infections Are Made by Isolating

question 12

Essay

Synthesis question: Several vaccines against viral infections are made by isolating purified surface proteins of the viral particle, mixing them with an adjuvant to stimulate an innate immune response, and injecting the mixture into people. Two examples of this are the vaccine against Hepatitis B virus, and the vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus (the 'cervical cancer' vaccine). One interesting property of vaccines of this type (known as 'subunit vaccines') is that there is a requirement for a CD4 T cell response to the vaccine antigen in order to generate antibodies to the innocuous protein in the vaccine. In the case of the Hepatitis B vaccine, the viral protein included in the vaccine is the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HepB-SAg), a protein that is approximately 200 amino acids in length. The graph in Figure shows the data from immunizing individuals with this vaccine, and monitoring their production of protective antibody responses to the viral protein.
a) What results would be predicted if experiments were performed to examine the CD4 T cell responses to the HepB-SAg in these same individuals? In particular, indicate whether all individuals would show similar responses. Explain your reasoning.
b) Most vaccines, particularly those made by immunizing individuals with purified pathogen components, are designed to elicit robust antibody responses to the immunizing antigens. For vaccines against viral infections (like the HepB vaccine), the immune responses generated are only protective when administered prophylactically, i.e., before the individual is ever exposed to the pathogen. Why is it essential to vaccinate against viral infections before the individual is ever exposed to the virus?

Identifying the consequences of ozone depletion and the substances involved.

Recognizing the significance of protecting biodiversity within identified hotspots and reserves.

Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of different conservation methods.

Understanding the effects of human activities on species extinction and conservation efforts.

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Definitions:

Substitution Effect

That part of an increase (decrease) in amount consumed that is the result of a good being cheaper (more expensive) in relation to other goods because of a reduction (increase) in price.

Income Effect

The change in consumption resulting from a change in real income, typically due to a price change of goods or services.

Marginal Satisfaction

The change in satisfaction or utility that a consumer experiences from consuming an additional unit of a good or service.

Utility-Maximizing

The economic principle that consumers choose combinations of goods and services to maximize their satisfaction or utility under budget constraints.