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Diabetes Mellitus Is a Metabolic Disease That Is Characterized by the Buildup

question 81

Multiple Choice

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is characterized by the buildup of glucose in the blood, or hyperglycemia. Diabetes results either from the pancreas not being able to produce the hormone insulin (type 1 diabetes) or if the body's cells become resistant to insulin (type 2 diabetes) . Insulin is a protein that binds to receptors on cell surfaces to allow glucose to enter the cell.
In order to manage the disease, type 1 diabetics require frequent insulin injections. Until the 1970s, insulin was obtained from processing the pancreases of large mammals such as cows and pigs; it was then purified for medicinal use. This all changed in the 1970s with the advent of recombinant DNA technology, which allows scientists to insert genes from other species into bacterial plasmids and have bacteria produce proteins from these other species' genes. In 1978, the gene that codes for human insulin was added to a bacterial plasmid and bacteria were used to produce human insulin. These bacteria acted as mini-factories that produced human insulin for type 1 diabetes patients. Today, the production of human insulin from bacteria is commonplace and is a multibillion dollar market for pharmaceutical companies.
-In order for bacterial cells to be able to produce the human insulin protein, which of the following is not required?

Definitions:

Fibrils

Thin, elongated threads found in cells, often made of proteins, contributing to the structure and function of cells.

Centrioles

Cylindrical cell structure that is involved in the process of cell division and in the formation of spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during cell division.

Genes

Segments of DNA that encode for proteins and determine the traits and characteristics of organisms.

Nucleosomes

Nucleosomes are the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells, composed of a segment of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins.