An Important Condition for Establishing Causation Is Covariation

question 135

Multiple Choice

An important condition for establishing causation is covariation. This is:

• A) a statistical measure of the magnitude of the difference between comparison groups.
• B) the degree to which a study parallels the real world.
• C) the degree to which researchers can rule out other possible causal explanations for an observed relationship.
• D) when changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable.

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Definitions:

Early Childhood

A period in human development from birth to approximately 8 years of age, focusing on growth and learning.

Middle Childhood

A developmental stage that covers the period from around 6 to 12 years of age, characterized by significant growth in social, cognitive, and emotional areas.

Early Adulthood

A developmental stage ranging approximately from the late teens to the late twenties, encompassing numerous psychological and social transitions, including increased independence and the establishment of personal and professional relationships.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Schizoid Personality Disorder is a condition characterized by a long-standing pattern of detachment from social relationships and a limited range of expressing emotions in interpersonal settings.