Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 182

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Garza-Villarreal, E. A., Wilson, A. D., Vase, L., et al. (2014) . Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(90) , 1-10.
Music Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain
Garza-Villarreal and colleagues examined the effect of music on pain and mobility in 22 individuals with fibromyalgia. The study was designed so that pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, and mobility were measured twice for each participant. The first set of measurements were obtained after they listened to white noise for 10 minutes, and the second set of measurements were obtained after they listened to music for 10 minutes. The music each participant listened to was of their own choosing with the instruction that the piece selected should be calming to them. The study was counterbalanced so that half of the participants heard the white noise first and half heard the music first. Pain intensity and unpleasantness was measured using the Verbal Rating Scale. Participants indicate their levels of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness by writing their response to various questions using a 10-point scale. Higher scores indicated higher levels of pain intensity and unpleasantness. Mobility was measured by timing how long it took participants to walk three meters from a sitting position and then back to their chair. The results revealed that pain intensity and unpleasantness changed significantly after participants listened to music, but not after they listened to white noise. In addition, music, but not white noise, reduced the time it took to complete the behavioral task. This study suggests that music improves mobility in fibromyalgia patients presumably by reducing pain perception.
-(Scenario I) Systematic error in measurement in Scenario I would have occurred if:

• A) the researchers cringed when participants in the control condition self-reported their pain.
• B) the researchers cringed when participants in the experimental condition self-reported their pain.
• C) A and B
• D) either A or B

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Definitions:

Urie Bronfenbrenner

A developmental psychologist known for introducing the ecological systems theory to explain how the inherent qualities of a child and their environment interact to influence development.

Lev Vygotsky

was a Russian psychologist known for his work on cognitive development, particularly the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development and the importance of sociocultural influences.

Jean Piaget

Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development that describes how children construct a mental model of the world.

Nature-Nurture Controversy

The ongoing debate over the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development and behavior.