Exhibit 12.5 The Following Questions Use the Information Below

question 7

Essay

Exhibit 12.5
The following questions use the information below.
The owner of Sal's Italian Restaurant wants to study the growth of his business using simulation. He is interested in simulating the number of customers and the amount ordered by customers each month. He currently serves 1000 customers per month and feels this can vary uniformly between a decrease of as much as 5% and an increase of up to 9%. The bill for each customer is a normally distributed random variable with a mean of $20 and a standard deviation of $5. The average order has been increasing steadily over the years and the owner expects the mean order will increase by 2% per month. You have created the following spreadsheet to simulate the problem.
-Jim Johnson operates a bus service to take college students to "The Big City" on Friday night and bring them back to school on Sunday night. The bus has 45 seats but sometimes there are empty seats. His records show that about 5% of ticket holders do not show up for their ride. Tickets cost $20 and are non-refundable. If Jim overbooks the bus and more than 45 passengers show up, some of them will be bumped and have to miss the trip. This bumping costs the company $40 because Jim has a double-your-money back policy for bumped passengers. Jim plans to accept 48 reservations (overbook 3 seats). What is Jim Johnson's expected marginal profit?

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Definitions:

Fixed Rate Bond

A bond that pays a predetermined interest rate to investors for the entire term of the bond.

Fallen Angel

Originally investment-grade bonds that have been downgraded to junk bond status due to the issuer's weakened financial condition.

Investment-Grade Bond

A bond with a high credit rating, indicating lower risk of default, making it an attractive investment option for conservative investors.

Junk Bond

A high-yield bond with a lower credit rating than investment-grade bonds, reflecting higher risk.