An Alarm Call Benefits Multiple Individuals, Both Related and Unrelated $\sum _ { 1 } ^ { A } r _ { 1 } b _ { i } - c > 0$

question 46

Multiple Choice

An alarm call benefits multiple individuals, both related and unrelated (r ? 0) . Can this behavior still evolve according to Hamilton's rule? (There are 1, 2, . . . , A individuals that are related to the donor by r₁, r₂,…, r_A and receive benefits b₁, b₂,…, b_A)

• A) No; unrelated individuals will automatically set the benefits to 0, as Hamilton's rule for Multiple individuals is
• B) No; this case no longer addresses inclusive fitness, and Hamilton's rule does not apply.
• C) Yes, if there are more related individuals benefiting than unrelated individuals, as Hamilton's rule for multiple individuals is \(\sum _ { 1 } ^ { A } r _ { 1 } b _ { i } - c > 0\)
• D) Yes, as long as the benefits to related individuals satisfy \(\sum _ { 1 } ^ { A } r _ { i } b _ { i } - c > 0\)

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Definitions:

Expectancy Theory

A motivational theory suggesting that individuals are motivated to perform or act based on the expected outcomes and the value they place on those outcomes.

Counseling

A supportive process that helps individuals to explore, understand, and overcome personal, social, or psychological challenges and difficulties.

Self-Confidence

A person's belief in their own abilities, qualities, and judgment.

Effort-to-Performance Expectancy

The individual's belief that their effort will lead to a certain level of performance.