An Alarm Call Benefits Multiple Individuals, Both Related and Unrelated $\sum _ { 1 } ^ { A } r _ { 1 } b _ { i } - c > 0$

question 46

Multiple Choice

An alarm call benefits multiple individuals, both related and unrelated (r ? 0) . Can this behavior still evolve according to Hamilton's rule? (There are 1, 2, . . . , A individuals that are related to the donor by r₁, r₂,…, r_A and receive benefits b₁, b₂,…, b_A)

• A) No; unrelated individuals will automatically set the benefits to 0, as Hamilton's rule for Multiple individuals is
• B) No; this case no longer addresses inclusive fitness, and Hamilton's rule does not apply.
• C) Yes, if there are more related individuals benefiting than unrelated individuals, as Hamilton's rule for multiple individuals is \(\sum _ { 1 } ^ { A } r _ { 1 } b _ { i } - c > 0\)
• D) Yes, as long as the benefits to related individuals satisfy \(\sum _ { 1 } ^ { A } r _ { i } b _ { i } - c > 0\)

---

Definitions:

Flattens

Becomes level or even without any raised areas or bumps; reduces in thickness or protrusion.

Bulges

Protrusions or outward expansions often seen in materials, body parts, or other physical objects.

EOG

Electrooculography involves measuring the standing potential between the cornea and retina, which is present from the front to the back of the human eye.

EEG

Electroencephalography, a method to record electrical activity of the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp.