Hagfish, Lampreys, Gnathostomes, Mammals, Birds, Fish, Reptiles, and Amphibians Are

question 8

Essay

Hagfish, lampreys, gnathostomes, mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are all vertebrates and are sometimes referred to as the subphylum Craniata: animals with a cranium. Amphioxus and ascidians are not in Craniata. How does mapping characters associated with the neural crest assist us in understanding the evolution of complex traits such as the cranium?

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Definitions:

Grapefruit

A large, yellowish citrus fruit with a somewhat bitter and sour taste.

Civic Authorities

Government officials or bodies responsible for the governance and administration of a specific locality or city.

Long-run Supply Function

A relationship that shows how the quantity supplied of a good changes over time as all production factors and costs can be varied.

Rental Apartments

Housing units that are leased to tenants for a set period of time as defined in a rental agreement.