The Figure Shows a Hypothesis for the Evolution of Visual

question 28

Multiple Choice

The figure shows a hypothesis for the evolution of visual opsins in tetrapods. At the tips, each triangle represents a particular visual pigment found in a modern tetrapod. Along ancestral branches, the hypothesized evolutionary history of these opsins are shown. Which of the following is true of this evolutionary hypothesis?

• A) Squamate reptiles and birds have maintained the ancestral opsins.
• B) Humans have lost a single opsin relative to the tetrapod ancestor.
• C) New world primates lost two opsins, but then gained a new one.
• D) Opsins have been gained and lost in every tetrapod lineage.

Identify and explain the concept of opportunity cost and how it varies with different production choices.

Recognize the implications of producing at various points on or inside the production possibility frontier (PPF) in terms of efficiency, unemployment, and resource utilization.

Describe the impact of technological advancements on the production possibilities frontier.

Understand the principle of increasing opportunity cost and its relationship to the shape of the production possibilities frontier.

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Definitions:

Stimulus Discrimination

The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

Extinction refers to the process in conditioning where the occurrence of a conditioned response decreases or disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

The process of learning or obtaining new information or skills.

Spontaneous Recovery

Refers to the sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished response in the absence of further conditioning.