It Has Been Predicted That Genes May Be Involved in Smoking

question 2

Multiple Choice

It has been predicted that genes may be involved in smoking initiation and/or current smoking behavior. Previously, large twin and family studies have provided evidence of this and an estimate of heritability (genetic contribution) of 37-55% for initiation and 46-59% for current smoking, depending on gender. A large group of researchers from several institutions composed a pathway- or-systems-based series of studies including SNP analysis, cellular location and protein interaction, replication with other samples, statistical analysis, and bioinformatics. What is a likely result?

• A)The study is unlikely to produce meaningful results because it is too diffuse in its methods.
• B)The samples used also correlate with behaviors like depression, often associated with smoking, and they may be finding depression-associated genes.
• C)Two specific genes, one for a transporter protein and one for an opioid receptor, are clearly shown to be causative in all members of each sample.
• D)A group of genes that tend to code for proteins with similar biological function have been identified to contribute significantly.
• E)Genome-wide association studies are of no practical use in studying human behaviors.

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Definitions:

Morphine

A potent opiate analgesic drug derived from the opium poppy, used primarily for the relief of severe pain.

Heroin

An illegal opioid drug derived from morphine, known for its highly addictive properties and potential for abuse.

Extinction

In the context of psychology, the gradual weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Phobias

Phobias are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, activities, or situations that lead to avoidance behaviors and significant distress.