Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 114

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012) . Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4) , 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE) . The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
-(Scenario II) One of the items included in the scale administered during the pilot study described in Scenario II was "After PE I feel physically tired and mentally tired." This item was later changed, most likely because:

• A) it was double-barreled.
• B) "physically tired" and "mentally tired" are jargon phrases.
• C) the reading level is too high for a fourth- and fifth-grade sample.
• D) All of the above.

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Definitions:

Downtown Area

Typically refers to the main business, commercial, or cultural district in a city or town, often its geographic or economic center.

Systematic Desensitization

Is a behavioral therapy technique used to reduce phobic reactions through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation combined with relaxation exercises.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a learned response.

Transference

In psychoanalysis, the redirection of feelings and desires originally experienced in childhood toward a new object, such as a therapist.