What Is the "Reverse Causality" Problem in Determining Cause and Effect

question 154

Multiple Choice

What is the "reverse causality" problem in determining cause and effect?

• A)It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Y when in actual fact,it is a change in variable Z that caused a change in variable Y.
• B)It is a problem that occurs when one observes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Y which caused a change in variable Z and concludes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Z.
• C)It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Y when in actual fact,it is a change in variable Y that caused a change in variable X.
• D)It is a problem that arises when two variables are inter-connected so that a change in variable X causes a change in variable Y,and a change in variable Y causes a change in variable X.

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Definitions:

Budget Deliberations

The discussion and negotiation process concerning the allocation of financial resources within an organization or government.

Third-Party Conflict Resolution

The process in which an external, neutral party helps resolve a dispute or conflict between two or more other parties.

Mediator

An individual or entity that facilitates negotiation and resolution between conflicting parties without imposing a solution.

Conflict Resolution

The process of resolving a dispute or a conflict by meeting at least some of each side's needs and addressing their interests.