Probabilities and Relative Frequencies Are Related in That the Probability

question 28

Essay

Probabilities and relative frequencies are related in that the probability of an outcome is the proportion of the time that the outcome occurs in the long run.Hence concepts of joint,marginal,and conditional probability distributions stem from related concepts of frequency distributions.
You are interested in investigating the relationship between the age of heads of households and weekly earnings of households.The accompanying data gives the number of occurrences grouped by age and income.You collect data from 1,744 individuals and think of these individuals as a population that you want to describe,rather than a sample from which you want to infer behavior of a larger population.After sorting the data,you generate the accompanying table:
Joint Absolute Frequencies of Age and Income,1,744 Households
Age of head of household
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 The median of the income group of $800 and above is $1,050.
(a)Calculate the joint relative frequencies and the marginal relative frequencies.Interpret one of each of these.Sketch the cumulative income distribution.
(b)Calculate the conditional relative income frequencies for the two age categories 16-under 20,and 45-under 65.Calculate the mean household income for both age categories.
(c)If household income and age of head of household were independently distributed,what would you expect these two conditional relative income distributions to look like? Are they similar here?
(d)Your textbook has given you a primary definition of independence that does not involve conditional relative frequency distributions.What is that definition? Do you think that age and income are independent here,using this definition?

---

Definitions:

Strategic Farsightedness

The ability of an organization to look beyond immediate challenges and plan for long-term opportunities and risks.

Flexible Structure

An organizational framework that can quickly adapt to changes in the environment, allowing for innovation, scalability, and responsiveness.

Management Team

A group of individuals who work together to manage an organization, make strategic decisions, and ensure the company achieves its goals.

Management Synergy

When combined management efforts result in a performance greater than the sum of their individual effects, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.