In Which of the Following Type of Contractual Vertical Marketing

question 3

Multiple Choice

In which of the following type of contractual vertical marketing systems do a group of independent retailers unite and agree to pool buying and managerial resources to improve competitive position?

• A) Retail cooperative organization
• B) Wholesaler-sponsored voluntary chain
• C) Franchising programs
• D) Sponsored organizational programs

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Definitions:

Haptics

The study and use of touch as a means of communication, including gestures, body language, and the texture of materials.

Nonverbal Messages

Communication conveyed through means other than words, such as gestures, facial expressions, and body language.

Immediacy Behaviors

Nonverbal actions that communicate closeness, availability, and attention to others.

Nonverbal Status Symbols

Indicators of socio-economic position or professional status communicated without the use of words, such as clothing, accessories, or cars.