Which Type of Bias or Error Most Thoroughly Explains the Phenomenon

question 73

Multiple Choice

Which type of bias or error most thoroughly explains the phenomenon of Clever Hans?

• A) The placebo effect
• B) The observer-expectancy effect
• C) The double-blind effect
• D) The subject expectancy effect

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Definitions:

Social Exchange

A theory in social science that proposes human interactions are based on the exchange of goods, services, information, or emotional support, where the goal is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Motivation

The driving force that initiates and directs behavior toward achieving a goal.

Theory Y

A management concept that assumes employees are self-motivated, seek responsibility, and can be creative within work conditions.

Higher-level Needs

A concept from Maslow's hierarchy that refers to the psychological requirements for personal growth and fulfillment, beyond basic physiological or safety needs.