Two cards are drawn from a standard deck of cards, and one of the two cards is noted and removed. Find the probability of drawing the second card, given the information about the removed card. 
Definitions:
Republican Citizenship
A form of citizenship that emphasizes civic duty, participation in self-governance, and the upholding of community values over individual interests, often associated with the ethos of the Roman Republic.
Religious Freedom
The right of individuals and communities to practice their religion or belief freely, without government intervention or discrimination.
Organized Religion
The structured institution of religious beliefs and rituals governed by a set of doctrinal laws.
Upstart Churches
Newly established religious groups or congregations, often characterized by nontraditional practices and beliefs.
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