German Researchers Extended Chi's Studies with Chess Experts and Found

question 81

Multiple Choice

German researchers extended Chi's studies with chess experts and found that when expert and novice chess players were asked to remember the random placement of chess pieces:

• A) expert players did as well as novices when participants were asked to remember the placement of chess pieces in meaningful patterns that might occur during a chess game.
• B) expert players did worse than novices when participants were asked to remember the placement of chess pieces in meaningful patterns that might occur during a chess game.
• C) novice players did worse than experts when participants were asked to remember the placement of chess pieces in meaningful patterns that might occur during a chess game.
• D) novice players did better than experts when participants were asked to remember the placement of chess pieces in meaningful patterns that might occur during a chess game.

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Definitions:

Observational Learning

The process of acquiring knowledge and skills by observing and imitating others.

Primary Reinforcer

An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning.

Conditioned Reinforcer

Another term for a secondary reinforcer.