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Firm a Is Very Aggressive in Its Use of Debt

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Firm A is very aggressive in its use of debt to leverage up its earnings for common stockholders, whereas Firm NA is not aggressive and uses no debt. The two firms' operations are identical--they have the same total investor-supplied capital, sales, operating costs, and EBIT. Thus, they differ only in their use of financial leverage (wd) . Based on the following data, how much higher or lower is A's ROE than that of NA, i.e., what is ROEA - ROENA?

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Definitions:

New-Form Organizations

Organizations characterized by less hierarchical structures, more decentralized decision-making processes, and often, a greater emphasis on digital and flexible working arrangements.

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A leadership style that emphasizes open communication, employee involvement in decision-making, and a collaborative work atmosphere.

Command-and-control

A management style that emphasizes strict control, with decisions made at the top and communicated down the hierarchy.

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