For Each of the Studies Below, Answer the Four Key

question 1

Essay

For each of the studies below, answer the four key questions:

Q-Question type
S-Study type
T-Type of data
N-Number of Samples or Treatments
-Political advertisements on television are very frequent in election years. These political ads boost citizens' involvement, their interest in the election, and awareness of current issues. In recent years, candidates' advertising seems to focus on criticizing and discrediting their opponents rather than promoting their own ideas and solutions to problems. Is it possible that positive and negative advertising alters voter participation?

During a recent electoral cycle, investigators randomly assigned California voters to one of two groups. The voters in one group were shown a "positive" 30-second advertisement about candidates that were actually running for office. Another group of voters was shown a 30-second negative ad. After the ads were shown, the voters were asked about their voting intentions and general level of involvement in the campaign. Sixty-four percent of those who watched a positive ad intended to vote. Fifty-eight percent of those exposed to the negative versions of the campaign said they were likely to vote. The researchers concluded that the proportion of people who intend to vote was significantly lower for those who see a negative ad.

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Definitions:

Incident Report

Rephrased: An official document detailing an occurrence that deviated from the norm, often for the purpose of future prevention.

Directive

An instruction or order given by someone in authority.

Meeting Minutes

The written record of the events, discussions, and decisions of a meeting, intended to provide an official and organized documentation of the meeting's proceedings.

Indirect Costs

Expenses not directly tied to the production of goods or services but are necessary for the overall operation, such as utilities or administrative salaries.