Use A $x ^ { 2 }$ Test to Test the Claim That in the Given Contingency

question 2

Essay

Use a $x ^ { 2 }$ test to test the claim that in the given contingency table, the row variable and the column variable are
independent. Tests for adverse reactions to a new drug yielded the results given in the table. At the 0.05
significance level, test the claim that the treatment (drug or placebo) is independent of the reaction (whether or
not headaches were experienced). $$\begin{array} { r | c c } & \text { Drug } & \text { Placebo } \\\hline \text { Headaches } & 11 & 7 \\\text { No headaches } & 73 & 91\end{array}$$

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Definitions:

Complex Processes

Procedures or operations that involve multiple steps, factors, or components, often requiring sophisticated analysis, planning, or understanding.

Taste Sensations

The experience of flavor perceived in the mouth and throat, typically categorized into five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.

William James

A pioneering American psychologist and philosopher who co-founded the philosophical school of pragmatism and contributed significantly to functional psychology.

Functionalism

A perspective in psychology that focuses on the purpose and adaptive functions of human behavior and mental processes.