Which of the Following Formula Is Used to Compute Covariance $\frac { \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { N } \left( x _ { i } - \mu _ { x } \right) \left( y _ { i } - \mu _ { y } \right) } { N }$

question 48

Multiple Choice

Which of the following formula is used to compute covariance between two variables X and Y?

• A)cov (X,Y)= \(\frac { \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { N } \left( x _ { i } - \mu _ { x } \right) \left( y _ { i } - \mu _ { y } \right) } { N }\)
• B)cov (X,Y)= \(\frac { \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { N } \left( x _ { i } - \mu _ { x } \right) ^ { 2 } } { N }\)
• C)cov (X,Y)= \(\sum_{i=1}^{N} \frac{\left(x_{i}-\mu_{x}\right)^{2}}{y_{i}-\mu_{y}}\)
• D)cov (X,Y)= \(\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}\left(x_{i}-\mu_{x}\right)^{2}}{N^{2}}\)

Grasp the global nature of social inequality and its consequences.

Understand the role of achievement and ascription in determining social status.

Understand and calculate the return on equity using the debt-to-equity ratio, return on assets, and return on debt.

Comprehend the concept of interest tax shields and identify the beneficiaries.

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