A Researcher Is Studying the Likely Occurrence Rate of Secondary

question 9

Multiple Choice

A researcher is studying the likely occurrence rate of secondary cancers after a new schedule of chemotherapy for childhood leukemia, using a biochemical marker obtained by blood draw 6 months after the initiation of chemotherapy. What is the rationale for using this biological marker as a proximate outcome, rather than counting the actual rate of secondary cancers?

• A)It could be psychologically harmful to children and families to have researchers following up in the future to ask whether the child has had a cancer recurrence.
• B)The final end point is not obtainable over a reasonable span of time, since secondary cancers can occur at any age through late adulthood.
• C)There is no viable rationale for this decision. Most proximate end points are unreliable variables and should not be used unless there are no final end points.
• D)The researcher is not interested in whether children suffer a secondary malignancy; the researcher is merely interested in the biological marker's value.

Acknowledge the differences in strategic decisions between manufacturing and service organizations.

Realize the importance of cultural and ethical considerations in global operations.

Learn the operational advantages of multinational organizations in cost-cutting and market understanding.

Understand the principles and importance of informed consent and debriefing in research ethics.

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Definitions:

Pollution

The occurrence or entry of harmful or toxic materials into the environment.

Taxing

The process of levying charges on citizens or organizations by a government to fund public services and initiatives.

Marginal Damage Cost

The additional cost incurred from producing one more unit of a good or service, which often relates to the negative externalities or damages caused by the increase in production.

Marginal Cost

The increase in total production cost that results from making one additional unit of a product.