In This Article Edwards Attacks the Cosmological Argument, Specifically Aquinas's

question 4

True/False

In this article Edwards attacks the cosmological argument, specifically Aquinas's causal and contingency versions, holding that the argument fails at several points. Against the causal argument, he argues that the premise asserting the impossibility of an infinite series is false. Even if the argument were sound, he says, it would not prove the existence of a single first cause because a plurality of causes cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, the argument is not helped by the theist's distinction between causes that bring something into existence (causes in fieri) and causes that sustain something in existence (causes in esse). Some defend the causal argument by insisting that even if there were an infinite series of causes, there still must be an ultimate cause of the series as a whole. Edwards counters that such notions rest on the "erroneous assumption that the series is something over and above the members of which it is composed." Against the contingency argument, Edwards maintains that to explain a contingent phenomenon, we do not need to posit a necessary being and that those who make such a demand beg the question at issue.
-Edwards argues that all natural objects require a sustaining (in esse) cause.

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Definitions:

Market Wreckers

Market wreckers are competitors or entities that disrupt the traditional flow of the market by introducing significantly lower prices, innovative products, or aggressive tactics, altering the competitive landscape.

Cross-sellers

Products or services that are promoted to existing customers alongside their original purchases to increase the value of their shopping basket.

Price Premiums

The additional amount that consumers are willing to pay for a product or service that they perceive as having higher value compared to its alternatives.

Frederick Reichheld

A business strategist best known for his work on customer loyalty and the development of the Net Promoter Score (NPS).