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Construct a complete truth table for each of the following arguments. Then, using the truth table, determine whether the argument is valid or invalid. If the argument is invalid, choose an option which presents a counterexample. (There may be other counterexamples as well.)
-P ≡ ∼Q
∼(Q ∼P)
Q ⊃ ∼Q / P
Cost-Benefit Analysts
Professionals who assess the economic pros and cons of different projects or decisions to determine their financial viability.
Public Projects
Initiatives funded and executed by the government aimed at benefiting the general public, such as infrastructure development and educational programs.
Basic Research
Fundamental scientific research aimed at increasing the understanding of fundamental principles, without immediate commercial objectives.
Excludable
A characteristic of a good or service whereby it is possible to prevent non-payers from consuming it.
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